They had both contracted the coronavirus and were battling it in a place where they had no doctors or health insurance and no nearby family or friends to offer support.

There is no way of knowing how many people have been infected with the virus on a trip, but one insurance provider, Seven Corners, has had 2,000 claims filed for related illnesses since June, said the company’s president, Jeremy Murchland. And, one medical evacuation business said it has averaged three flights a month for those with the coronavirus since the start of the pandemic.

Only 10 percent of the U.S. population is fully vaccinated, but more people are traveling than at any time in the past year. Most will return home healthy, but some will fall ill with Covid-19 and end up quarantining in a hotel or being ordered to a government facility.

Others will become sick enough to be hospitalized away from home, and a few will face costly air ambulance flights—or worse.

The growing number of inoculated Americans face far less risk when they travel, but it is not entirely gone, especially with the new virus variations.

“Not everybody achieves full responses to the vaccine, and the immunity to the variances may be lower,” said Dr. Michael Diamond, a professor of medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. A viral immunologist, his paper on the topic was published this month in the journal Nature Medicine.

What happens to people who fall sick overseas can vary widely, in part based on their pretrip planning. Some countries have mandatory quarantine facilities for those who test positive, and people who are sent there are at the mercy of local standards. Even at the nicest hotels, policies for handling those with the virus can vary widely.

Not all travel insurance covers illnesses related to the coronavirus, and most doesn’t include evacuation coverage. Some policies require travelers to be hospitalized before their coverage begins, while others require only minor symptoms.

And traveler expectations play a role, too.

Flight attendant Kalina Collier, 22, caused an international incident when she told her 11,000 Instagram followers in February that, after she had tested positive for the coronavirus, her four-star Jamaican resort transferred her to a dirty hotel room that had hidden cameras, and that she was being “held hostage” and “they tried to traffic me.”

The allegations went viral, prompting the Jamaican minister of tourism, Edmund Bartlett, to issue a statement saying the Jamaican “brand” had been damaged.

He said police confirmed that Collier had not been kidnapped and noted that she had been allowed to stay at the hotel for free instead of being moved to a government quarantine facility. Collier was fired from JetBlue Airways. She did not respond to requests for comment on social media.

In the Arellanos’ case, things quickly deteriorated, and on Dec. 28, after a month in the hospital with Covid-19, Jose Arellano, who had worked for San Diego County for 30 years, died of a lung infection. Gloria Arellano is still recovering at their home in Tijuana, Mexico, where they had settled full time after retirement.

Their son, 28-year-old Christian Arellano who flew from Tijuana to Oaxaca to help his parents, was also infected by the virus. “They were victims to the optimism bias that it’s not going to happen to them,” he said.

‘Nice Studios,’ Dirty Dorm Rooms

Jeremy Salomon, 39, who runs Privilege Luxury Club, a membership travel group, in Copenhagen, Denmark, was at the tail end of a working trip on the Caribbean island of St. Barts when, on Jan. 17, he woke up feeling off.

His coronavirus test came back positive, and he was told to quarantine for at least seven days, so he arranged to pay for extended time at his hotel.

The next day, however, the manager asked if he would move to “some nice studios” that the island had for those who needed to quarantine so the hotel wasn’t subject to rumors, he said. Salomon was transported by ambulance to a local sports center with basic suites.

“It had a rubber sheet on the mattress ... no towels ... no blankets ... no toilet seat,” he said. “The fridge was empty; there wasn’t even a bottle of water.”

Luckily for him, the general manager of Eden Rock, a hotel where he had spent one night earlier in his trip, heard about his ordeal, picked him up and drove him to a villa with six bedrooms, indoor and outdoor saunas, a pool and a private beach.

The hotel gave him the use of the villa for free.

Unluckily for him, he quickly became too sick to enjoy any of it. “I spent 10 days basically in a fetal position in bed, coughing and brutal fever,” he said. “They brought breakfast every morning, and I’d maybe eat it every second day. I can’t imagine what it would have been like to be in that prison cell. You don’t send someone there to recover.”

Salomon said that now when he books clients into a hotel he asks about the quarantine policy, and if the guests won’t be allowed to stay, where they would be expected to go.

Bilal Riazuddin, a 22-year-old university student from London, did not have Salomon’s connections. Riazuddin flew to Malaysia in late December to visit his parents and had to prebook an approved hotel for a mandatory 10-day quarantine.

He opted for the least costly option, the ibis Styles Kuala Lumpur Fraser Business Park Hotel, for about $40 a night. He said it was “comfy.”

When he was tested for Covid in anticipation of his discharge, the results came back positive on his ninth day, so within a few hours he was driven by ambulance with three others to a government free quarantine dorm that had soldiers posted out front.

He said he was given a dingy room that came with a desk, bed, mattress, sheet, ceiling fan and shared bathrooms. There was no kitchen (the people living there got three meals a day), no running water in the room, no hand sanitizer, no pillow or blankets, no air conditioning and no laundry in the building. Most of the 20 or 30 men on the floor were assigned a roommate, but Riazuddin had a single.

However, there was no lock on his door.

“A couple of times people came into the wrong room. They just open up the door,” he said. “No one spoke English, so I’d just stare at them and they’d leave.”

His parents brought him supplies. He used bathrooms on a different floor because they were cleaner. As for his room, “There were a few bits of rubbish around, so I could tell it hadn’t been fully cleaned,” he said.

Still, he said, he was fortunate to remain asymptomatic, and, “there was no point in complaining. At least I knew I wasn’t going to go back home and give my parents Covid.”

A Ride Home on a Private Jet

Amy, a travel adviser who asked to be identified only by her first name to protect her privacy, traveled to the Maldives with her 20-year-old daughter in mid-January.

They both tested negative before leaving the United States, came up negative again in Dubai, where they spent two nights en route, and then twice again in the Maldives, when they moved from one resort to another.

Then, 12 days into their trip, the daughter’s fifth PCR test came back positive.

“I was really shocked. Look at how many tests we had, and all our travel was custom and private,” Amy said. “We asked for her to be tested again and they said, ‘No.’”

Although her daughter’s only complaints were a headache and fatigue, and they were comfortable in a luxurious private overwater bungalow, Amy feared authorities would separate them. She decided to request an evacuation using her membership with Covac Global, a company founded to provide medical evacuations during the pandemic. Amy had paid $1,295 for 15 days of Covac Global’s coverage when she booked their trip.

An air ambulance stationed in Qatar could have been ready to go quickly, but the staff wasn’t vaccinated. The daughter, who remained asymptomatic, would have had to spend the 24-hour flight on a stretcher in an isolation pod, a scenario Amy nixed. A different air ambulance was found with vaccinated staff who agreed the daughter only needed to stay in the pod for takeoff, landing, refueling and when being transferred between planes, said Ross Caldwell Thompson, CEO of Covac Global.

All told, more than 30 people worked to make the flight happen, he said, including getting governmental permissions from six countries.

Amy and her daughter began their evacuation on Feb. 9 in PPE with a 45-minute speedboat ride from the resort to the airport near Male, the capital.

They boarded a twin-engine Hawker 800XP jet, which had a stretcher, medical equipment, lavatory and seating for seven. Along with them were two nurses and two pilots who could switch out during the 16 hours it took to get from the Maldives to Ireland with refueling stops in the United Arab Emirates and Greece.

From Ireland, a second air ambulance and a third crew flew them to Canada, and finally to the United States. They arrived Feb. 10, three days after their originally scheduled return date. Amy tested negative throughout the trip, and her daughter tested negative before boarding the air ambulance and again upon returning to her home.

The extra resort stay, plus phone calls and the cost of shipping back their luggage, since the plane was too small to carry it, cost Amy about $11,000. Had she not purchased Covac’s coverage, the repatriation would have cost about $200,000, said Thompson, whose company also does fee-for-service evacuations.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) referred questions about the frequency of repatriation of Covid-19 positive people to the State Department, where a spokesperson said those statistics aren’t collected. She did say that those who test positive for the virus while abroad “should prepare to remain overseas for an extended period and seek medical attention locally.”

Scrambling to Find Care

When a person gets ill far from home, even if they speak the language, knowing what to do in the midst of a developing crisis is daunting.

“If you do decide to take the risk of going, especially taking a trip to a foreign place where you have nobody you know, have a plan just in case,” said Christian Arellano. “The thing that affected us the most was scrambling. To find where to go, who to talk to, where we could get the medicine, where we could stay,” he said.

When the Arellanos first started feeling sick, they visited a medical clinic, where a doctor said they had asthma. A second physician eventually diagnosed Covid-19. Christian Arellano said that despite his mother’s illness, she “ran all over town getting all the medicine, thousands of dollars in just medicine.”

As the situation worsened, the couple called the U.S. Consular Agency in Oaxaca, which said no area hospital beds were available. They suggested an oxygen tank. With Jose Arellano’s condition deteriorating, the couple spent $25,000 for a Mexican air ambulance to take him to the Naval Medical Center in La Jolla, California.

Meanwhile, Christian, a student at San Diego State University whose classes were remote, flew to Oaxaca to help his mother. He saw his father briefly before the older man was airlifted to the United States.

“He was barely alive, to be honest,” Christian Arellano said. “He was in such bad shape the doctors decided to sedate him and intubate him before the ambulance.”

Jose Arellano would never regain consciousness. He was transferred to Jacobs Medical Center, also in La Jolla, and given high-tech treatment.

In Oaxaca, Gloria Arellano’s condition worsened. A doctor drove Christian and his mother around the city in search of a hospital bed for her. The only thing available was in a private facility at a cost about $4,000 a night. A banking glitch prevented her son’s debit card from working, and his mother was nearly turned away, but he reached an uncle who offered a credit card. Gloria Arellano was there three nights.

Then, Christian Arellano developed gastrointestinal problems, and he, too, turned out to be positive for the virus.

They flew back to Tijuana Dec. 16. The Jacobs Center didn’t allow Gloria Arellano to visit her husband until Dec. 27. The next day their daughter, Joselyn Arellano, 27, got to see him. They were all with him when he died the following day.

He was buried Feb. 8 with full military honors.

The family faces over $1 million in bills and expects insurance to cover 60 percent. They wonder how something meant bring joy brought so much sorrow instead.

“I know my parents decided to take the trip, but they tried to take the most precautions they had,” Christian Arellano said. “When I was in Oaxaca, I would see all these foreign tourists walking round, no masks at all, just happy about life. It’s kind of infuriating when you see people who aren’t taking it seriously.”